Could Knowing Your BMI Save Your Life?

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What is BMI?

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a number calculated from a person's weight and height. BMI is a fairly reliable indicator of body fatness for most people. BMI does not measure body fat directly, but research has shown that BMI correlates to direct measures of body fat, such as underwater weighing and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).^{1, 2} BMI can be considered an alternative for direct measures of body fat. Additionally, BMI is an inexpensive and easy-to-perform method of screening for weight categories that may lead to health problems               

BMI	Weight Status	How reliable is BMI as an indicator of body fatness? The correlation between the BMI number and body fatness is fairly strong; however the correlation varies by sex, race, and age. These variations include the following examples: 3, 4 ·        At the same BMI, women tend to have more body fat than men. ·        At the same BMI, older people, on average, tend to have more body fat than younger adults. ·        Highly trained athletes may have a high BMI because of increased muscularity rather than increased body fatness.       It is also important to remember that BMI is only one factor related to risk for disease. For assessing someone's likelihood of developing overweight- or obesity-related diseases, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines recommend looking at two other predictors: ·        The individual's waist circumference (because abdominal fat is a predictor of risk for obesity-related diseases). ·        Other risk factors the individual has for diseases and conditions associated with obesity (for example, high blood pressure or physical inactivity)
Below 18.5	Underweight
18.5 – 24.9	Normal
25.0 – 29.9	Overweight
30.0 and Above	Obese

How is BMI used?

BMI is used as a screening tool to identify possible weight problems for adults. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool. For example, a person may have a high BMI. However, to determine if excess weight is a health risk, a healthcare provider would need to perform further assessments. These assessments might include skinfold thickness measurements, evaluations of diet, physical activity, family history, and other appropriate health screenings.

For example, here are the weight ranges, the corresponding BMI ranges, and the weight status categories for a sample height.

Height	Weight Range	BMI	Weight Status
5' 9"	124 lbs or less	Below 18.5	Underweight
	125 lbs to 168 lbs	18.5 to 24.9	Normal
	169 lbs to 202 lbs	25.0 to 29.9	Overweight
	203 lbs or more	30 or higher	Obese

If an athlete or other person with a lot of muscle has a BMI over 25, is that person still considered to be overweight?

According to the BMI weight status categories, anyone with a BMI over 25 would be classified as overweight and anyone with a BMI over 30 would be classified as obese.

It is important to remember, however, that BMI is not a direct measure of body fatness and that BMI is calculated from an individual's weight which includes both muscle and fat. As a result, some individuals may have a high BMI but not have a high percentage of body fat. For example, highly trained athletes may have a high BMI because of increased muscularity rather than increased body fatness. Although some people with a BMI in the overweight range (from 25.0 to 29.9) may not have excess body fatness, most people with a BMI in the obese range (equal to or greater than 30) will have increased levels of body fatness.

It is also important to remember that weight is only one factor related to risk for disease. If you have questions or concerns about the appropriateness of your weight, you should discuss them with your healthcare provider.

What are the health consequences of overweight and obesity for adults?

The BMI ranges are based on the relationship between body weight and disease and death.⁵Overweight and obese individuals are at increased risk for many diseases and health conditions, including the following: ⁶

      ·        Hypertension
·        Dyslipidemia (for example, high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, or high levels  of         triglycerides)
·        Type 2 diabetes
·        Coronary heart disease
·        Stroke
·        Gallbladder disease
·        Osteoarthritis
·       Sleep apnea and respiratory problems
·        Some cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon)

For more information about these and other health problems associated with overweight and obesity, visit Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults.

References

¹Mei Z, Grummer-Strawn LM, Pietrobelli A, Goulding A, Goran MI, Dietz WH. Validity of body mass index compared with other body-composition screening indexes for the assessment of body fatness in children and adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;7597–985.

²Garrow JS and Webster J. Quetelet's index (W/H2) as a measure of fatness. International Journal of Obesity 1985;9:147–153.

³Prentice AM and Jebb SA. Beyond Body Mass Index. Obesity Reviews. 2001 August; 2(3): 141–7.

⁴Gallagher D, et al. How useful is BMI for comparison of body fatness across age, sex and ethnic groups? American Journal of Epidemiology 1996;143:228–239.

⁵World Health Organization. Physical status: The use and interpretation of anthropometry. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization 1995. WHO Technical Report Series.

⁶Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults.

Traumatic brain injuries are not exclusive to football players and fighters

 Research presented at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) concluded that ‘heading’ a soccer ball could lead to traumatic brain injury. In soccer terminology ‘heading’ is when a soccer player fields the ball with his head. This technique is essential to the game. And is the focal point of many practice drills.  Like football these injuries appear to be cumulative, yet they are caused by a much lesser force. "Heading a soccer ball is not an impact of a magnitude that will lacerate nerve fibers in the brain," said Michael L. Lipton, M.D., Ph.D., associate director of the Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and medical director of MRI services at Montefiore Medical Center in New York. "But repetitive heading could set off a cascade of responses that can lead to degeneration of brain cells."

Why are so many people obese?

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    One question that I frequently get is why are so many people overweight? This can be summed up quite simply, we eat too much and move too little. Over the last 150 years advances in technology, industrialization, and automation have decreased the need for physical work, allowed a greater amount of leisure time and at the same time increased food availability. In one way these advances are positive, however there have been negative impacts on the population’s health. Obesity and overweight in both children and adults has become a global epidemic in industrialized countries and some developing nations. The prevalence of obesity is as high as 50% in some nations around the world. Recent data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination survey showed that 30.5% of US adults are obese and 64.5% of the adult population is overweight. National surveys in the US have shown that the prevalence of childhood obesity has more than doubled since the early 1960s. These increases in childhood obesity may lead to far greater numbers of adult obesity in the future.